Evolution of the Newspaper
Before the advent of
television and radio, man began reading newspapers. This article reveals the
path of the newspaper and provides information on journalism in the world and
also in Sri Lanka.
1566
Contains information about a newspaper in Venice, Italy. It is said to be a
handwritten gazette and includes political and military conflicts. However,
their existence was limited by the lack of printing technology.
The year 1440 marked
the beginning of journalism with the invention of the movable type printer by
Johannes Gutenberg. This machine can print four thousand pages a day, which is
a thousand times more than a handwriter can do. This reduced the cost of
printed materials. They were also open to the general market.
The printing press paved
the way for modern journalism. In 1609 European Roots
The first weekly newspaper to employ Gutenberg’s press emerged. This first
printed newspaper were published weekly in German. They did not mention the
cities that were printed to avoid government persecution. Newspapers, however,
were successful and spread throughout Central Europe. By 1641,
almost every country in Europe was printing newspapers.
Early newspaper printing consisted of two formats. These countries chose one format and proceeded to print newspapers. The first was the Dutch Style Corantos, Second was the German Style pamphlet. German Style is an 8 to 24 page pamphlet. The majority of newspaper printing began in the Dutch style, and as the newspaper became more popular, it changed to the German style.
The newspaper began to be
commercialized with newspaper advertisements. The role of journalists has
changed as business owners and investors have relied on newspapers to market
their products and grow their businesses. Accordingly, due to the increasing popularity
of the newspaper, newspaper publishers decided to start printing daily
newspapers. In 1650, a German publisher published the
world's oldest daily newspaper, "Einkommende Zeitung." Also published the first English daily
newspaper, the London’s Daily Courant in 1702.From the 1830s to the 1860s, newspaper
production was accelerated and cost-effective through the production of new
machinery.
In focusing on the
milestones of the beginning of the world press. Thus, the newspaper can be
considered to have originated in the seventeenth century. The first newspaper
in England was published in 1665. Also in 1702 the first daily newspaper in England was printed.
The first American
newspaper was printed in 1690. America's first daily
newspaper published in 1784. Britain's first Sunday
newspaper was published in 1780. In 1785 the Daily
Universal Register was first published. It was later renamed the
"Times" in 1788.
The Observer was started in 1791. The Daily Telegraph was first published in 1855. The “Manchester Guardian” was founded in 1821. It changed its name in 1959 to “Guardians”. The founding of the “Sunday Times” took place in 1822. In 1843 the news of the world was published. The first Australian newspaper was published in 1803. It was called Sidney Gazette.
Newspapers became very
popular and common in the nineteenth century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, stamp duty was levied on
newspapers, making newspapers more expensive. In 1855
it was abolished.
In the mid-nineteenth century, journalists
used telecommunications to get quick information to their newspapers. The New York Graphic Newspaper became the first newspaper to
publish a graphic photograph, in 1880.
In 1890,
the Daily Graphic became the first tabloid newspaper in Britain. In 1891 it became the first British newspaper to print a
photograph.
Twentieth-century
journalism became more and more popular. The Daily Mail was published in 1896, the Daily Express in 1900, the
Daily Mirror in 1903, the Daily Star in 1978, and the Sunday Telegraph in 1961.
Meanwhile, the Sunday Times became the first newspaper to publish a color
supplement in 1962. The Independent was started in 1986. Britain's first color newspaper was published in 1986 as the Today newspaper.
At the beginning of the twentieth century,
Fleet Street became the center of the newspaper industry in Britain.It was
during this time that computer technology came to print newspapers.
Journalism arrived in the
United States in September 1690. It was started in America by a newspaper printed
by the English newspaper editor Benjamin Harris. It took fourteen years for the
next American newspaper to publish the Boston newsletter.
Benjamin Franklin, who played a major role in
the American Revolution, also had a significant influence on the printing
industry. He was the publisher of the Pennsylvania Gazette and the conceiver of
subscription libraries. After the revolution, two opposition political parties,
the Republican and the Democratic, emerged, and newspapers that were biased
against those political parties also began at that time.
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph were two of the leading competitors in American journalism in the late 1800s. They used to publish crime, sex and scandal to attract readers. This type of journalism came to be known as yellow journalism. This journalism is known for its false information and misleading stories. This style is also used for current tabloids.
On April 11, 1829, the Colebrook Commission of
Inquiry into the Administration of Ceylon explained the need for the
establishment of newspapers in Ceylon. In 1831, Governor Horton informed for
the establishment of a newspaper.
The "Colombo Journal" was published
on January 1, 1832, with the courtesy of the British government. John Lee was
its editor-in-chief and printed it at the Government Press. The assistant
editor was Henry Tufnell. The "Colombo Journal" was suspended on 31
December 1833. This was done to allow private publishers to join in journalism
as well.
G. Auckland and E.J.
Darley published “The observer and the commercial
advertiser” on February 4, 1834.The first editor of this newspaper was George Winter. In
1835, Dr. Christopher Elliott was the editor of the
observer. The newspaper was later renamed the "Colombo Observer". The
Observer criticized the colonial British rule. Accordingly, Governor Horton
assisted in starting another newspaper. Then, on May 3,
1837, the printing of the “Ceylon
Chronicle” began.
1868
A
weekly newspaper called the "Kandy Herald" is published. A newspaper called
"Jaffna Freeman" was published in 1862 and
ceased publication in 1879. On July 4,
1888, the "Ceylon Independent" newspaper was
launched. It ceased publication in 1937.
D.R Wijewardene started printing "Ceylon
Daily News" on January 3, 1918.
Ceylon Observer (Sunday) edition commenced on 4th February 1923.
"Weekend Express" is a
newspaper that has been active since 1966. Also, the Sunday Leader, which was
started in 1933, is still published today.
D. R. Wijewardene founded Lake House in Colombo in 1929. Lake House is known as the home of journalism in Sri Lanka. The "Sunday Island" newspaper began publication on October 4, 1991, and the Island (Daily) newspaper on November 10, 1981. The "Times Newspaper Group", which existed for one hundred and thirty-one years, was taken over by the government. It was bought from the government in 1987 by Ranjith Wijewardene.
The Wijaya newspapers
republished the Sunday Times in 1987. On June 19, 1994, the Sunday Leader began
publishing. Sinhala journalism began in June 1860 with
the publication of the “Lankalokaya”
newspaper in Galle. The newspaper soon ceased publication and became an
unregistered newspaper.
“Lakminipahana” was the first Sinhala newspaper to be registered. In 1862 the newspaper began publishing. In 1895
the “Lanka Pradeepaya”
newspaper and in 1872 the “Sarasavi
Sandarasa” newspaper also started publishing.
H.S Perera, the
founder of the Dinamina newspaper, was on the staff of the Sarasavi Sandarasa
newspaper. The Sinhala Buddhist newspaper was started in 1906
by Anagarika Dharmapala, H.S Perera commenced
publishing the Dinamina newspaper on February 7, 1909.
Silumina newspaper was started in 1930. These newspapers produced Sinhala journalists such as Martin Wickramasinghe, D.B Danapala and Piyasena Nissanka.
The Lankadeepa newspaper,
which was started in 1947, was taken over by Ranjith
Wijewardena from the government in 1977 and Lankadeepa
was re-launched in 1991. 1963 Sarasaviya newspaper
started. Divaina was established in 1982 and is still
active today. Also, "Ravaya" is a newspaper that has been active
since 1990, and criticizes the government's unnecessary actions.
1870
as the first Tamil newspaper “The Pudiyananthpati”
newspaper was published in.“Udaya Banu” was published in 1880,
Thinakaran in 1932 and Veerakesari in 1930.
Many newspapers now exist
in print and online. Newspapers have also turned to social media. For example,
Facebook and Twitter are used by social media newspapers. Readers will also be
able to comment on it. The new technology also allows you to forward and share
it with others. Also, with the spread of journalism on social media, there can
be a rapid flow of information. However, due to the increasing use of new media
and the advent of television and radio, journalism is declining day by day.
KAVINDI WEERASINGHE
MAPT/19/B1/04
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