https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MCluUcXHaEhg05-RssFJ6WcWqwGWqo-E/view?usp=drivesdk
" The Newspaper " Origin of all the Media
How do you get your news? Is it from news feeds on your social media accounts? Is it from news websites? Is it from television channels? Or is it still from newspapers?
In fact, although very few people read newspapers nowadays newspapers were the best means of obtaining information for man in ancient times before major mass media such as television and radio were invented.
After the Romans, the Italians had also made another predecessor of the newspaper when the Avisi or gazettes was seen in Venice, Italy in 1566. Yet unlike the Roman counterpart, this only contained news on military and political conflicts. As mass printing was not yet invented on those times both of these predecessors did not have the technology of the printing press which had limited their circulation.
Then around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg had invented the first printing press in Europe. His printing press was mechanical and was movable thus started the printing revolution which spread all across Europe. The discovery of the printing press paved the way for "true" newspapers.
By 1500, the printing press had made its way throughout Europe, and news sheets or news books were mass-distributed.The first weekly newspaper was published in 1604 by Johann Carolus of Germany, and that publication satisfied the four principles of a "true" newspaper. In 1618 the world’s first broadsheet newspaper was printed and published in Amsterdam. The newspaper format soon spread throughout Europe, with newspapers in Spain, France and Sweden. The newspaper was developed with the industrial revolution. In addition to large-scale production, the technologies of the Industrial Revolution enabled the inclusion of detailed illustrations published graphically and weekly.In this way the newspaper has gradually spread all over the world.
when it comes to Sri Lanka After some government newspapers in 1834 the first non-government newspaper including commercial advertisements for the first time "Observer "launched by G. Ackland and E. J. Darley. The editor was George Winter. After the sinhala press iniated by Rev. Bulathgama Dhammalankara Thero in Sinhala language in Galle first Sinhala Newspaper was published in 1860 named Lankalokaya.
All this history did not go smoothly as media freedom was not yet known at that time. Governments or authorities did not want to divulge a lot of information to people fearing that they may know all about the authorities. Yet again the thirst for knowledge and the rights of the people to know what is happening has obviously emerged triumphant thus we had newspaper prints to this day. Its evolution goes hand in hand with the development of printing presses and paper making.As demand increased, so did the need to print cheap material, and in a short time hundreds of printing presses began to develop same type of method.Even today, newspapers are still printed in ink and paper. The development of journalism or on the manner on how news should be delivered may also come hand in hand in the development of newspapers as this was the first source of news long before the television and the radio were invented.
By the early 20th century, newspapers included the features we recognize in modern newspapers banner headlines, photos and illustrations, comics, and sports coverage, in addition to the political and event news that have always been newspaper staples.By the twenty-first century, with the advancement of technology, the use of mass media has largely changed. Basically, the increasing use of Internet search functionality by large engines such as Google has also changed the habits of readers. Instead of looking at public interest publications such as newspapers, readers are more likely to search for specific authors, blogs or information sources through targeted searches, and newspaper aggregation is less relevant. In some countries, such as India, the newspaper is more popular than the Internet and broadcast media. Even where the problems in North America and Europe are most intriguing, there are recent success stories, such as the dramatic rise in free daily newspapers. With revenue declining, many news outlets and journalists have been slashed and are still trying to publish powerful content. In response to falling ad revenues and plunging circulation, many newspapers have cut staff as well as editorial content, and in a vicious cycle, those cuts often spur more and deeper circulation declines—triggering more loss of ad revenues.
However at present Newapaper is converged to the web media, television and radio media. Television and radio give some separate space to the newspaper with the distribution of newspaper information at the beginning of the day. Most of the Newspapers contain their own webpage to interact with more people. In fact, a significant number of people still buy newspapers, and a significant number of the remaining minority view the newspaper through the web.
In the future, newspaper will be largely done through web media and newspaper writers are more likely to be citizens.This process is already taking place in many developed countries, and as people become more and more accustomed to the technology, it will soon spread to other countries.
- #Chrishel Warnakulasuriya đŧ -
The Radio.
The Radio.
Radio is a communication device that the uses electricity to transmit voice across space. The radio has been the first device to allow for mass communication. Radio can transmit messages all around the world instantly, and the messages can be received in any part of the globe.
In 1898 Guglielmo Marconi, a 24-year-old Italian, began the world's first commercial radio service. For citizens of the United States, radio—and later television—not only introduced an abundance of entertainment and information, it also raised many legal questions surrounding its implementation and regulation. In radio's earliest days, stations all broadcast at the same frequency; this situation posed problems because although some stations agreed to share their time, others attempted to broadcast stronger signals over those of their competitors. Problems continued even when stations began to broadcast on separate frequencies. Because broadcasting requires use of the airwaves for the transmission of its signals, and because the airwaves can carry only a limited number of signals, it soon became apparent that some form of regulation was necessary.
In 1927, the Radio Act (47 U.S.C.A § 81 et seq.) became law and the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was created to police the broadcasting industry. Two important tenets of broadcasting were introduced by the law. The first was that stations must broadcast "in the public interest, convenience, or necessity." The second was that the people, not the radio stations, owned the airwaves. In its efforts to see that the airwaves were used in the appropriate manner, government regulation faced obstacles as it attempted to ensure suitable government-funded programming, appropriate programming for children, and equal access to broadcasting for minorities.
Additional challenges were created by changing technology as CABLE TELEVISION went underground and satellite television took to outer space. Marconi got the Nobel Prize for in the year 1909 for invention. In Sri Lanka, the first experimental broadcast was started on 22nd February 1924 at the building of Young men’s Christian association ( YMCA ).
After a few months of experiments, on 27th June 1924 , the radio broadcast was inaugurated in Ceylon by the then Governer Sir William Henry Manning. However there is a strong opinion that it was inaugurated on 1925 Dec.16th, by the then Governer Sir Hugh Clifford. The Post Master General in his report of 1924 was very definite on the fact the inauguration was done in 1924.Even though, the then Radio Ceylon and now SLBC still goes on the fact that their Birthday is on 25th of December 1925. Accordingly, SLBC celebrates it’s 85th birthday this year-2009.
The history of radio in Sri Lanka can be traced to 1925 when Colombo Radio was established. While the service was taken over by the British Military during World War Two, it was subsequently returned to the Government of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Until the 1980s, the radio industry was a government monopoly under the Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation Act No. 37 of 1966. There are many positive effects that radio has on cultures throughout the world. One of these involves the preservation of native languages. Example for media that were originally in the English language have been replaced with more traditional forms of media such as storytelling. These changes have caused there to be a shift in the language of the youth in these native languages for communication. The radio has also allowed indigenous languages to expand to other countries such as unites states and Canada over the past twenty years.
The audience of a radio broadcast that is essential in the standardization of a languages. Radio is also has an influence on development. Ways in which a country becomes more developed as a result of radio includes of more westernized culture. For example modernization of a nation may become promoted. Radio also has an effect on the educational development of a rural society. For example the radio can educate people particularly women about various health risks and factors. Fictional radio soap operas are capable of educating its audience about various issues regarding sexual and reproductive health along with child and parent relational ships. According to a study analyses by DR.Mary Meyers 85% of the people who listened to a program similar to this one were able to implement changes in their lies based on the knowledge that they gained form the radio show.
I mean in future radio will go entirely digital. The structure of the radio industry was built around a technology that’s a century old. Radio can and will chuck all that technology – towers and transmitters – in favor of sending content over the internet, at huge costs savings and unimagined efficiencies.
The merging of radio, TV and news under single operators. What separated newspapers, television and radio all these years were their different technologies. With digital, they now share one technology, one platform, and we already see them moving into each other’s turf, such as newspapers posting video. Radio stations can also post video on their websites, and they can expand their news to compete with both newspapers and local TV. TV can broadcast audio, challenging radio, and expand its news coverage, challenging the local newspaper. Local papers can expand into audio and promote morning and evening newscasts.
An opportunity for radio to grab a larger share of consumers’ time and attention. The mobile phone has freed Americans to be anywhere while still staying in touch. But it has also freed us from the couch and the TV set in terms of where we can access media. TV is a couch medium; radio is a mobile medium. You can be in your car, walking down the street, riding in a train or on a plane, and enjoy radio. The more mobile our society gets, the greater the opportunity for radio to become the medium of choice. Media people marvel over the strength of outdoor ad spending at a time when other media outlets are soaring. Out-of-home is bene ting from society’s increasing mobility. Radio stands to as well.
Radio is no longer a luxury. It has become a necessity. Even remote villages we find radio. Radios are available in difference sizes. Radio is not limited to communication of news only. It is a medium now for many things. The radio is indispensable in flying airplanes and sailing ships. Radio is a necessary in modern wars, for the police to maintain law and order and the spread of culture. Radio get knowledge and entertainment.
MAPT/19/B1/26
Origin Landscape, Landmarks and Future Direction of Print Media
Origin Landscape, Landmarks and Future Direction of Print Media
Printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg. Print media is a medium that
disseminates printed matter. It is one of the oldest and basic forms of mass communication.
Newspapers, magazines, are some examples of the print media.
Media is everywhere. There are hundreds of traditional media use in globe. There were
35 000 registered newspapers in 2010 Russia. Newspapers are periodically published
documents that carry current information about the society. They were published weekly or bi
– weekly. The first newspaper was published in India was the “Bengal Gazzet” by “James
Augustus Hicky” in 1780. It also called “Hicky’ s Gazzete”.
Newspapers are the most read one in print media. In United State of America, daily
newspapers reach 185 million people a day.
Landmark printing offers on – demand digital printing, large format printing and more
throughout Connecticut. Sri Lankan printing industry has a rich and vibrant heritage dating
back hundreds of years. However, what is to be taken as the modern printing can be from the
post – independence era. Then the printing was largely restricted to a few publications mainly
controlled by the western colonial powers and was highly used also in book publishing and
newspapers.
The Sri Lanka association of printers had been set up by 1956 and by this point had
grown to a large organization which participated in overseas exhibitions as well as successful in
many lobbying campaigns to obtain many benefits to the industry.
Today, the landscape is vastly different. Sri Lankan printing industry at present is largely
reliant on the tea and garment industry as exports Sri Lanka was able to concentrate heavily on
tea and garment export based printing and packaging for a longer period due to increasing
returns.
Today, when we are facing ongoing rapid transition from print media to online media,
there is a big and natural question mark about the future of print media. However, even before
I address the issue in depth let me say that the printed world is here to stay far more in future
and no e – communication module has the capacity to replace it.
MAPT/19/B1/24
Origin and direction of printing newspapers
Evidence of printing techniques exists today from artefacts that are believed to date from 3000b.c. and earlier. These originate from Mesopotamia which is modern day Iraq and were created with round seals that were used to impress images onto clay tablets. Other earlier societies in China and Egypt used stamps that were then used to print on cloth. Later on the Chinese began to use wooden blocks to print onto silk. During the Han Dynasty a further breakthrough occurred when print was produced in the three primary colours, cyan (blue), magenta (red) and yellow. When combined with the original colour of black a kaleidoscope of virtually all other colours can be created.
During the Roman Empire, which is a little further back in the historical timeline the first ‘Acta Diurna’ appeared. This is Latin for ‘Daily Acts` and can be considered as the first ever newspaper. However, they were not printed, at the time they were carved onto stone or metal and scribes then made copies and distributed them in order to disseminate news and ideas to the provinces of the Empire. This was an important breakthrough because newspapers and print were to become synonymous for centuries until the present day.
The first moveable type printing press was invented in China by an alchemist named Bi Sheng around the year 1040a.d. This was an important technological breakthrough because for the first time it became possible to mass produce a text or book incredibly quickly and efficiently compared to anything else before. There are still a few surviving books produced from the clay-baked moveable type characters in 12th century China. However, because of the complexities of Asian writing systems (Chinese, Korean and Japanese alphabet was made up of thousands of characters which each would need to be cut individually for moveable printing) this method did not really catch on and the widespread use of wooden blocks continued in China.
It was the Europeans who really embraced moveable type and in the middle of the 15th century Johannes Gutenberg invented what can be considered the first Printing Press. What set Gutenberg apart from his Chinese predecessors was the mechanisation of the transfer from moveable type to print. By automating the process using machine rather than hand assembly, mass production was made possible, combined with superior ink using linseed oil and soot instead of the Chinese water-based ink. Cost efficient, production printing of books began on an industrial scale and the Print Industry began on its exponential, profitable growth journey.
Although the first lithograph offset press was invented by Englishman Robert Barclay in 1875 using two cylinders, one made of hard stone or metal and the other made of rubber which was used to pull the item being printed upon through the press, if he failed to insert paper the metal plate would transfer the image onto the rubber impression cylinder. If paper was then placed into the machine the image would appear on both sides. To his amazement the image from the rubber impression was far superior and created a sharper, clearer look. He quickly exploited his ‘mistake` and is credited with inventing the first offset printing press as we have come to know it today.
If we compare the printing methods with today’s litho print machines we can understand that recent technology has led to hugely impressive production workhorses capable of quick drying times and versatile enough to print on plastic substrates as well as traditional paper and magazines. Today, speed of production and turnaround times are vital for any printing business to gain competitive advantage. High quality, waste reduction and fully loaded with the latest UV and LED technologies, print machinery manufacturers are just as competitive with each other in the pursuit of business in the form of capital investment as printers are with each other as they ruthlessly undercut each other to win consumer facing customers.
Heidelberg is arguably the market leader for providing printing presses and has achieved an unprecedented boost in sales in the U.K.recently. An example of this is speedmaster XL75 62 five-colour press, it has an impressive automatic colour and register adjustment system and the evidence available suggest that the investment is certainly worthwhile. In today’s industry the most competitive, efficient firms tend to use this incredibly reliable piece of machinery and it will be interesting to see the next breakthrough regarding quality and automation. Printing firms will continue to seek new business and improvements regarding productivity and waste reduction will be key selling points for suppliers like Heidelberg. The industry has certainly come a long way since the wooden blocks and clay tablets mentioned earlier.
The Colebrooke-Cameron Commission appointed by the then British government to report on the affairs of administration of Sri Lanka in April 1829, recommended, in addition to the legislative reforms, the necessity of starting newspapers to restrict the powers enjoyed by the British governor. They also stressed that the non-existence of newspapers was the main reason for the boundless powers of the governor. Governor Wilmot Horton took serious note of the recommendation made by the Commission, when he arrived on October 23, 1831. He was notified to commence a newspaper.
As a consequence and under the auspices of the Colonial Government, the Colombo Journal was published 186 years ago on January 1, 1832. It was discontinued on December 31, 1833 ‘to allow private enterprises’ to run newspapers. However, the true reason for the closure was that the Colombo Journal severely criticised the British government of the day.
English newspapers in 20th century
There were 13 English newspapers in the island at the beginning of the 20th century. The Ceylon Mohamdam (1900-1917) was the first newspaper to be published at the turn of the 20th century. It was followed by The Ceylon Standard in 1908, a paper published by a group of wealthy Sinhalese during the first decade of the nineteenth century. Don Richard Wijewardene, a dynamic young man and a Cambrian, made his entry as an entrepreneur—he was convinced that one of the most influential instruments in an independence struggle was the forceful might of the press: the print media. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited symbolizes, therefore, the intellect of this great man.
The Observer and Commercial Advertiser was the result of a joint venture by two Colombo-based merchants, G. Ackland and E.J.Darley, which was first published on February 4, 1834. The Observer and Commercial Advertiser later transformed into Ceylon Observer. Under the editorship of Christopher Elliott, a surgeon who turned journalist changed its name to Colombo Observer. The Observer severely criticized the government especially during the time of the 1848 rebellion. Elliott wanted the British rule in the island to end soon.
The colonial governor in an attempt to counter the harsh criticism wanted to commence another newspaper; the result was Ceylon Chronicle, edited by Rev. Samuel Owen Glenie, the Colonial Chaplain, which was issued in May, 1837. When the Bishop of India objected to this appointment, he was replaced with Postmaster General George Lee. There was a severe competition between the newspapers with the Governor and members of the civil service contributing to the Colombo Chronicle, while the Chief Justice and Auditor-General supported the Observer. The Weslyan press published Ceylon Advertiser and General Intelligence in September, 1845, which ceased in April, 1850. By then, the Observer newspaper was passed into A. M. Ferguson. Legislative Councilor John Ferguson was a prolific writer. R.H. Ferguson sold the paper to a syndicate of the European Association who in turn sold it to D. R. Wijewardena in 1923.
It would be interesting to note that at a time, the English papers were edited by full European boards, a Sinhalese named Miguel Silva who studied English, Logic, Latin, and Christianity at Wesley College became deputy editor of Observer in 1840s: Miguel was none other than Migettuwatte Gunanada Thera of Panaduraa Vaadaya fame.
A weekly newspaper called the Kandy Herald printed in the office of the Times of Ceylon was published by some planters in the year 1864. A Local newspaper entitled Jaffna Freeman commenced publication in 1862, until it was closedown in 1879. The Catholic Messenger,which commenced publication in 1869, voiced the opinion of the Catholics for 150 years.
The Ceylon Independent, edited by George Wall, saw the light of the day in July 1888. The editor agitated for a more responsible form of government to the island. Later, it was passed into the hands of Sir Hector Van Cuylenburg and subsequently, A. E. Bultggens, who was a staunch Buddhist involved in the Buddhist revival movement. Under the editorship of great teacher and historian L. E. Blaze, operated the Ceylon Independent, which ceased its publication in 1937.
The Morning Leader newspaper was purchased by the de Soysa family. Sir James Pieris, Charles Pieris, and W. A. de Silva, the Sinhala novelist owned this newspaper. The Morning Leader was responsible for moulding the public opinion when it was being edited by Armond de Souza. From 1907-1921, which covered the Sinhala-Muslim Riots of 1915, a crucial juncture of our modern history. Morning Leader played a vital role with Armond de Souza criticizing the Martial Law proclaimed by the governor. After the death of de Souza, Prof J. C. L. Rodrigo became its editor. Its publication ceased in 1932.
Ceylon Daily News
D. R. Wijewardena, the newspaper magnate of Sri Lanka, commenced the Ceylon Daily News on January 3, 1918. Wijewardene fought for independence from the British rule. The Ceylon Observer [Sunday] commenced on February 4, 1923. The Ceylon Daily News was edited in its initial stages by distinguish editors such as S. J. K. Crowther, H. D. Jant, F. A. Martinus, A. V. Kulasingham, and E. T. de Silva. Silva was a pioneer and activist in the national movement.
During the latter part of the 20th century, Samasamajist, the journal of the LSSP (1937); Sun (1964); Siyarata, UNP’s news sheet (1963); Weekend (1965), Ceylon Daily Mirror (1961), Island (1981), became prominent papers. The Times, which existed for over 130 years, was taken over by the government in August, 1977. The Times newspaper group was liquidated, paving the way for Ranjith Wijewardena, owner of Wijaya newspapers and the son of newspaper magnate D. R. Wijewardene, to purchase it in 1987. The Sunday Times commenced republication in June 1987. The controversial Sunday Leader commenced publication in June, 1994, and became competitive in the field of reporting political news, until its’ Editor Lasantha Wickrematunga was transformed it into a dynamic “daily” in the Island. In 1918, motivated by this success, D. R. bought an English paper, the Ceylonese. He paid Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam, the founder owner, Rs.16,000 for the paper, press, and goodwill. D. R. changed its name to Daily News, which is now a century-old and a household name in Sri Lanka.
In 1926, D. R. Wijewardene formed the company, the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. By then, he had shifted his papers and their premises from the old, poorly-ventilated bungalow in Colombo 10, into Baillie Street, the very heart of Colombo-Fort. He had also purchased a prime block of land on the borders of the Beira Lake. In 1929, Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited moved into Lake House.
History of world’s newspaper publishing
The newspaper is a European invention. In Venice, as early as the 16th century, there had been wide circulation of handwritten news sheets filled with news on politics and wars in Italy and Europe. The first printed paper was published in Germany in 1609. They were heavily censored by the government and reported mainly only foreign news, current prices, etc. Newspapers flourished in London after the English government withdrew censorship in 1695. Low cost daily papers appeared in cities by the 1830’s after the high speed presses commenced printing thousands of copies cheaply. By 1900, advertising revenues encouraged more important than party support. The New York City newspaper circulation reached the level of a million copies a day.
There was a small impact with the rise of radio in the 1930s, but television from the 1950’s had a major impact on the industry. Afternoon papers suffered most. In all parts of the globe, the growth of the internet after 2000 and sophisticated mobile phones after 2010, proved financially disastrous to newspapers as advertisers deserted and subscriptions plunged. It is strange that this phenomenon did not affect the newspapers of Sri Lanka.
Newspapers have been integral to society in recent history and have had a significant effect in shaping our political views. The initial newspapers were expensive and hence read only by the privileged few. The rapid evolution of the printing press brought down the costs of newspapers and helped print a lot more copies at much lower costs.
With the advent of advertising in the 19th century, the cost of newspapers fell significantly and was well within reach of a much wider population. Since then, print media has been growing leaps and bounds and has been an integral part of all of our daily lives. As the circulation grew, so did the ad revenues. These were the heydays of print media. they were the innovators in using illustrations and images in story telling, in using telegraph and telephone for rapid sourcing of news from across the world, and setting up widespread distribution channels to reach their audience. Most of the publications were hugely profitable and owned by wealthy individuals who used these mediums to spread their political views.
Existential threat from digital media
Digital media has been evolving rapidly over the last 20 years. From the initial days of desktop sites, to m-dot sites, responsive web, native apps, PWAs and screen-less devices, digital news has been keeping pace with the technology disruption in the media and entertainment industry. While TV and radio did not affect print media much, the digital age poses a serious threat to the print industry as a whole.
While TV and radio were parallel formats, instantaneous and engaging, print still had two notable advantages - a) it was non-linear AND b) portability i.e people could read the news when and where they wanted to, rather than keeping themselves free at home during primetime. The same however isn't true for digital media which offers non-linear, highly personalised news at your fingertips in extremely engaging formats that were never seen before (360 video, AR and VR). Primetime is not longer a fixed hour, it's when you tap on your mobile screen.
This has changed everything for newspapers. Most people get their news on their smartphones (news sites, aggregators, social, search etc). Newspapers, which were an integral part of everyones morning, are now rapidly fading away, only to be replaced by more screen time.
The 400 year old industry is certainly facing its toughest time in history, much like the 90s and early 2000s when photography was disrupted through the invention of digital photography
However The newspaper is the printing media in which all information of the national and international level news are printed.
Newspapers are essential part of the modern civilization, even without the newspaper, the morning tea also not liked.
With the advent of the media, the popularity of newspapers has become very less. But the effectiveness of it still persists.
Today morning starts with a newspaper and ends with a newspaper.
It is the effect of Newspapers that we come to know about the world. Its main purpose is to let us know about the world problems and their solutions. Its main objective is to keep the readers
informed about the latest developments that are taking place in the world. It investigates and then presents important events. It also guides and molds the public opinion. It also provides space for public grievances.
It educates the people in good citizenship. a newspaper also provides information on the variety of subjects like art, science, business, sports, crime, fashions etc.
Every single bit of information that we get from the newspapers is of great importance.
It makes us aware of what’s happening in the region we live in our country we live.
There is a separate column for health. Most newspapers have cartoons, comic, crossword puzzles and astrological facts. Newspapers also contain matrimonial columns, vacancies, and wanted columns.
It is difficult to maintain a newspaper without advertisements. Newspapers are an important prerequisite for democracy. Democracy functions on its basis.
Newspapers should be a way of social, economic, and political justice. The press is often referred to as the fourth estate.
The newspaper is the most powerful of all the means of expression of the news and views about men and matters. Newspapers are regarded by economists as a necessity of modern life. With the growth of literacy and the development of the means of communication they are playing a very important role in nowadays' society.
M.A.B Emesha Dhananji Alokabanara
MAPT/19/B1/06
Evolution of Television
Evolution of Television
Television is a fantastic educational tool for students and more people in the world.We can see various television in the world. It brodens knowledge of different cultures,promotes tolerance and globle uunderstanding of iinternational issuse.
Hundred years ago, the first television been created and introduced to the public. And nowadays ,with the development of modern industry ,television is known and used by nearly
everyone and every family. We can see many television programmes in the television .They are
cooking shows, reality shows, cartoon programmes and etc.
Now we can explain about television histrory.
The first electronic television was invented by Philo Taylor Farnsworth in San Francisco ,who pushed the development of television from mecanical to electronic .Next important step is 1927 black and white television was ininvented by Jhone Logibeard.
Then Bell telephone and the U.S. Department
of Commerce conduct the first long distance use of television that took place between Washington D.C. and New York City on April 9th.
And we can see more than 22 television chanels in our country . We can see main two parts in television industry. They are government and privet chanels. Most chanels are privete chanels.Ex:1.Hiru TV
2. Derana TV
3. Sirasa TV
4.Heritage TV
Those are the examples for privet chanels in Sri Lanka. Government chanels are Rupavahini and Indipendent Television Network-ITN.
Television is the most popular and powerful
thing is world.Robert Adlers, invention of the modern day remote control for television pased the way for future control companies like Crestron. Next step is Peter Goldmark for CBS, demonstrated his colour television system to the FCC.His system produced colour pictures by having a RGB-Red,Green Blue wheel spain in front of a cathode ray cube.
However television is most developing tool in the world.I think it can be change our mind and bihaviour. And technology is very fast and very easy .It is very useful for our day today activities .
Therefore we can see many tecnologies in television .LED TV, Smart Tv, Flexible TV and etc.
So we can build our relationships and make a better place for our future .So we can transfer information between people .And we can got knowledge and enjoy from television .Television gives us many benifits for our future.So I think make easy and better world for our future genarations.
MAPT/19/B1/19
K.D.P.M.Kiriwaththuduwa
History Of Television
Billions of homes around the world can be found on television.But 100 years ago no one know what television was in fact,by 1947 only thousands of Americans owned television at one time or another.How did such modern technology go from and invention to a masteriece in the our living room?
Today I am explaining the whole history of television including where it could go in the landmarks and future.
Over the course of 100 years, television has taken on many different shapes and sizes. Here is the history of television from 1920 to the present.
The 1920s gave us a mechanical television. The first model had a small display and a large cabinet on the right. Compared to our technology today, these first televisions were very simple.They implemented unique models. Like octagonal television.The technology was impressive but the video quality was not. Facial features cannot be identified unless the makeup is worn in a specific way.
In the 1930s we saw more refined television. With better design and resolution.This decade saw a huge leap in video quality. Scan lines 100 to 405 at the beginning of the decade.
The 1940s brought us even higher proposals. NTSC standard including line 480 resolution and better audio.In the 1940s, it was difficult to produce CRT screens larger than 12 inches. He therefore implemented large-scale television projection techniques.
The 1950s brought us short-term door-to-door televisions. But most importantly, it brings us the NTSC color standard. But most color televisions did not sell until the next decade.
Sales of color television were rapid in the 60s. They were more colorful than they are now. High-end television sets also included a new invention. Remote control.
In the 1970s, television designs were brought to suit every taste and need. There was an upgradeable TV with easily accessible circuit boards. Future television. Implementation of indirect design patterns. Colorful TVs that look like toys. And portable comb. Usually includes radios and cassette tapes.
The 1980s marked the end of television as the furniture era. These were replaced by color projection TVs with large screens and minimal cabinets. Space Command is one such color projection TV.The 1980s paved the way for the first LCD televisions. They were very small and made of pixels but it was a big step forward. Portable CRT TVs were more affordable and included additional functions.
This decade was all about Sony's Trinitron technology. Since Sony's patent expired, all competitors were free to use the technology.Television / VCR combinations became really popular in the 1990s. They included FM radio and VCR.In the 1990s, Casio developed portable LCD TVs. A preview of the largest technology in the next decade was introduced in the late 1990s. Flat HDTV. The price is around $ 7,000.
CRT television was still very popular throughout the 2000s. They are inexpensive and can access HD channels using a converter box. During this decade, LCD technology was finally able to compete with plasma. Giving us LCD HDTV. Then came LED TV. They were superior to both.Several brands experimented with environmental lighting. Sink the TV more. HDTVs were very talented during the decade. They were able to display content from your computer. Connect with various Internet services.
We started 2010 with the best tech money combination. 4K, LED and 3D. All of this had been introduced. Indirect screens have been a hallmark over the years. It means reducing glare and improving immersion. By taking advantage of our peripheral vision. This works well for computer monitors. But it is barely visible on TV. The introduction of wallpaper TV is really exciting. These are as thin as a credit card.The latest feature is the circulation mode. That way your TV will match your decor. It allows you to display your TV as art or match it to your wallpaper.
2020 promises many new technologies. Like a rolling TV. When it is disabled it is completely hidden and when it is activated it grows to the size of the content or application. This is great for calendar and music apps. Avoid the black bars on extra wide films. Transparent glass television is another intelligent television technology. But it will be used for decoration and art rather than entertainment. Dual unilateral TV would be great for gaming and commercial applications. Technology is changing so fast that so are our televisions.
Timeline of TV history between the 1950 and 2000.
From the 1950s to the 2000s, television became a critical communication tool found in living rooms across the country with its unique technology. During the second half of the twentieth century, major changes and improvements were made to bring television to where it is today. Here is a timeline:
1949: The number of television stations in 58 markets increased to 98 in January.
1949: F.C. The principle of fairness was followed, and broadcasters were responsible for finding and presenting all aspects of a problem when it was covered by a dispute. The bill was an addition to the Communications Act of 1934, which required broadcasters to provide equal airtime to candidates running for office.
1951: I Love Lucy was born under the patronage of Philip Morris. The half-hour site has been ranked as the nation's number one program for four of its first six full seasons.
1951: On June 21, CBS aired the first color program. As mentioned above, CBS's color system only worked with a small number of televisions across the United States. The first color television broadcast saw only 12 customers across the United States. Another 12 million televisions were empty for the show.
1952: Bob Hope's comedy show airs on television in October 1952.
1952: By the end of 1952, 20 million households in the United States had access to television. This is an increase of 33% over the previous year. U.S. advertisers spent $ 288 million on television advertising time, an increase of 38.8% over 1951.
1953: RCA releases its color transmission system, replacing 12 million televisions with 12 million.
[13/10, 20:11]
1954: NBC launches Tonight Show with comedian Steve Allen.
1955: Gunsmok, a Western television program, begins its 20-year run on CBS.
1958: 525 cable TV systems across the United States serve 450,000 subscribers. In response, a two-page ad in the CBS TV Guide advertised, "As far as we know, free television can survive with paid television."
1960 - Four debates between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon are televised across the country, and the presidential campaign changes forever.
1963: For the first time in history, television surpasses newspapers as a source of information. In a poll this year, 36% of Americans found television to be a more reliable source than print, and 24% favored it.
1964: The FCC regulates cables for the first time. The FCC required operators to remove programs from the remote market and duplicate programs at a local station (if requested by the local station).
1964: The Beatles appear on the Ed Sullivan Exhibition with 73 million viewers.
1965: NBC launches the complete color network, broadcasting 96% of its programs.
1969: Astronaut Neil Armstrong walks on the moon for the first time and is watched live on television by millions of American viewers.
1970: F.C.C. Implements financial interest syndication rules that prohibit the three main networks from replaying and controlling private shows. This meant delivering 30-minute programs each night back to local train stations in the top 50 markets.
1971: Advertising changes from 60 seconds to 30 seconds on average.
1979: Some believe it was "the beginning of the end of television." A survey found that 44% of Americans are unhappy with current programs and 49% watch less television than they did a few years ago.
1979: Launch of ESPN Cable, a network entirely dedicated to the sport. ESPN will become the largest and most successful primary cable channel.
1980: Ted Turner launches the Cable News Network (CNN), a channel dedicated to broadcasting news 24 hours a day.
1980: Music Television (MTV) premieres in August 1980.
1986: After years of rising rates, ABC, CBS and NBC for the first time find it difficult to sell commercial time for sports programs. Trade rates for the 1986 NFL season were 15% lower than in the 1985 season.
1989: The paid show begins to make its mark on television landscapes, accounting for about 20% of wired households.
1992: Infomercials explode with growth. This year, the National IT Marketing Association estimates that Infosciles has sales of $ 750 million, more than double that of 1988.
1993: At the beginning of 1993, 98% of American households owned at least one television, and 64% owned two or more sets.
1996: The 18-inch-diameter digital satellite dish enters the market, becoming the best-selling electronic product in history near the VCR.
2000: The Digital Video Disc (DVD) is introduced.
2004: DVD surpasses VHS for the first time.
2005: Flat screen TVs and HDTVs are introduced for the first time.
2006: Flat screen TV and HDTV for the first time affordable.
2006: Sony releases its Blu-ray Disc format, which is similar to a DVD but can hold up to 27GB.
2010: Popular 3D blockbusters such as Avatar begin to enter the 3D TV market
Today, online television and other broadcast technologies have changed the future of traditional television. As more and more people “cut the rope,” we need to look at whether traditional television can survive in an age full of Netflix and other technologies.
Bechelor of Technology in Media Art Production Technology
K.A.D.N.Samali Wijesundara
MAPT/19/B1/14
MOTION PICTURE TALKING BOX
TELEVISION
Origin, Landscape , Landsmark
and Future Directions
There is controversy surrounding the invention of one of the most popular 21st century devices: the Television. It took several decades for many inventors and engineers in various countries to develop the modern television.However; two important people whose names are associated with the invention of television are Vladimir Zworykin, and Philo Farnsworth.
Although prior to 1922, the concept of television was already in existence, it was primarily due to the efforts of these two people that the concept of electronic scanning of images, which forms the bases of modern day television, was introduced. Both Zworykin and Farnsworth had applied for the same patent during the year 1923 and 1927 respectively.
The fact that Zworykin had filed for the patent earlier, he is often termed as the father of television. Nonetheless, the work of Farnsworth cannot be underestimated. In fact, many believe that at least six of his basic patents are being utilized in the manufacture of modern day television.
On the same list, is John Logie Baird—a Scot living in England who is recognized as the first to demonstrate an operational television in March of 1925. Baird transmitted the first televised pictures of moving objects in 1924, the first televised human face in 1925, and the first real-time moving object in 1926. However, it was electronics inventor Philo Farnsworth who is credited with inventing the first completely electronic television.
The difficulty in deciding who invented the first television centers on the fact that there were several discoveries or inventions all of which were added up to make the complete TV set. Indeed, the historical development of the TV is a complex series of events, and proclaiming any one man as the sole TV set’s inventor seems inaccurate at best. For those who still ask, “What’s the answer to ‘Who invented TV’?” –there is no clear inventor, since there were several inventions created by different people that were merged to make the televisions we so dearly can’t live with today.
These landmarks by inventors, big thinkers, and pioneers have forever changed the way people communicate, learn, and interact with each other. These historical landmarks in television are a microcosm of how one idea spawns another. Looking at the past is a good indicator for future growth and development. There may be new inventions on the horizon that will make the television as obsolete as the typewriter. But one thing is for sure, the television and all the inventions before it will be the catalyst for whatever the next wave of electronic communication may be.
* 1831 – Electromagnetism “The Seed for Electronic Growth” Joseph Henry’s and Michael Faraday’s work with electromagnetism jumpstarts the era of electronic communication.It’s difficult to imagine the days before the realization of electromagnetism. Without this key understanding, there would be no television and many other devices that we use everyday. Electromagnetism was a seed in which an enormous tree grew. By far the most important ingredient in the invention of the television.
* 1862 – First Still Image Transferred, Abbe Giovanna Caselli invents his Pantelegraph and becomes the first person to transmit a still image over wires. To see the first ever electronic image must of been an exciting moment in time . After all, you have to walk before you can run. Soon, instead of a single image, there would be multiple images transported to create motion. The invention of the Pantelegraph by Abbe Giovanna Caselli was just the beginning of what was to come.
* 1900 – And We Call It “Television”, As it turns out, the name stuck! There has to be someone who comes up with the name. In this case, it was a Russian by the name of Constantin Persky at the World’s Fair in Paris where the first International Congress of Electricity was held.
* 1906 – First Mechanical Television System, Lee de Forest invents the Audion vacuum tube that proved essential to electronics. The Audion was the first tube with the ability to amplify signals. Boris Rosing combines Nipkow’s disk and a cathode ray tube and builds the first working mechanical TV system.
* 1927 – Long Distance Use of Television, Bell Telephone and the U.S. Department of Commerce conduct the first long distance use of television that took place between Washington D.C. and New York City on April 9th. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover commented, “Today we have, in a sense, the transmission of sight for the first time in the world’s history. Human genius has now destroyed the impediment of distance in a new respect, and in a manner hitherto unknown.” Just like the transmission of the first electronic still image in 1862, this accomplishment of transmitting a log distant television signal must of been just as an exciting of a moment. To see someone from a far off place must of been like witnessing a teleportation.
* 1946 – Color, Peter Goldmark, working for CBS, demonstrated his color television system to the FCC. His system produced color pictures by having a red-blue-green wheel spin in front of a cathode ray tube. Let there be color!! Although it was still many years away from a main stream technology, adding color to television was like adding a light bulb to a room. Suddenly, viewers could see better.
* 1956 – Remote Control, Robert Adler invents the first practical remote control called the Zenith Space Commander. Control. Robert Adler’s invention of the modern day remote control for television paved the way for future control companies like Crestron.
* 1973 – Giant Screen Projection TV, Why go to the theater when you can have your own theater in your home? These were the infant days of home theater applications.
* 1996 – The FCC Taking about future directions of television, Future television will be a magician one. I think like that. Because world’s technology and knowledge of inventors are very improved. I hope to be able to carry a TV bag in the future. And I think the viewer will be able to capture the scenes we see live. Suppose we want a dress or a meal in a TV commercial. We may be able to take it off the screen immediately. Perhaps more advanced media that television has been created and television has become obsolete. ATSC’s HDTV Standard., Almost as important as color TV was the invention of HDTV. Suddenly, the sporting game looked crisper and better in your living room then it looked in person.
The following is a list of existing television stations based in Sri Lanka.
* Ada Derana 24X7 (Private)
* ART Television[k] (Private)
* Channel C (Private)
* Channel Eye[l] (State-owned,Sri
* Citi Hitz (Private)
* Colombo TV (Private)
* Dharmavahini TV Private
* Dream TV[m] (Private)
* ETV[n] (Private)
* Heritage TV[o] (Private)
* Hiru TV (Private)
* ITN Channel (State-owned, Independent Television Network)
* Knowledge TV (Private)
* Nethra TV (State-owned,Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation)
* Rangiri TV (Non-profit,Rangiri Sri Lanka Media Network)
* Raw TV (Private)
* Ridee TV (Private)
* Rupavahini (State-owned,Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation)
* Sarana TV (Non-profit,Sarana Media Network)
* Shakthi TV (Private)
* Shraddha TV (Non-profit,
Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery)
* Sindu TV (Private)
* Sirasa TV[p] (Private)
* Siyatha TV (Private)
* Siyasa TV (Private)
* Sri TV (Private)
* Star Tamil [q] (Private)
* Swarga TV (Non-profit,Rock Foundation)
* Swarnavahini[r] (Private)
* The Buddhist[s] (Non-profit,Sri Sambodhi Foundation)
* TNL TV (Private)
* TV 1[t] (Private)
* TV Derana[u] (Private)
* TV Didula[v] (Non-profit,Sanhinda Media Network)
* UTV Tamil[w] (Private)
* Vasantham TV (State-owned, Independent Television Network)
* Verbum TV[x] (Non-profit,Verbum Television)
* N TV Template (Private)
The following is a list of former television stations which were based in Sri Lanka.
* CSN TV[y] (Private)
* DAN Tamil Oli (Private)
* NTV (State-owned,Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation)
* Prime TV (State-owned, Independent Television Network)
* You TV[z] (Private)
Taking about future directions of television I think television will definitely be an essential thing for human beings in the future. Future television will be a magician one. I think like that. Because world’s technology and knowledge of inventors are very improved. I hope to be able to carry a TV bag in the future. And I think the viewer will be able to capture the scenes we see live. Suppose we want a dress or a meal in a TV commercial. We may be able to take it off the screen immediately. Perhaps more advanced media that television has been created and television has become obsolete. And in the future, television will change all human behavior patterns.
✍️
MAPT/19/B1/34
K.M.P.S.Suraweera
Television
*Origin, Landscape, Landmarks and Future direction of Television*
Television sometimes shortned to tole or telly is a telecommunication medium used for transmiting moving images in monochrome or in color and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a television set a television show or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news and sports.
Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s but it world still be several yeara before the new technology would be marketed to consumers. After world war ll, an improved form of black and white Tv broadcasting became popular in the united kingdom and united states and television sets became commonplace in home business, anf institution. During yhe 1950s television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid 1960s color broadcasting was introduce in the US and most other developed countries. The availability of multiple types of archived storage media such as Betamsx and VHs tapes,high capacity hard disk drives DVDs, flash drives, high definition Blue ray Discs, and cloud digital video recorders has enabled viewers to watch pre- recorded material such as movies at home on their own time schedule. For many reasons especially the convenience of remote retrieval the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity. Another development was the move from standard definition television to high definition television which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats 1080p 1080i and 720p. Since 2010 with the invention has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the internet through streaming video services such as Netflix, Amazon video, iPlayer and Hulu.
In 2013, 79% of the world's households owned a television set. The replacement of early bulky high voltage cathode ray tube screen displays with compact energy efficient, flat panel alternative technologies such as LCDs OLED displays and plams displays was a hardware revolution that began with computer monitors in the late 1990s. Most Tv sets sold in the 2000s were flast panel, mainly LEDs. Major manufactures announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, Plasma and even flourescent backlit LCDs by the mid 2010s. In the near future LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs. Also major manufactures have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the Mid 2010s. Smart TVs with integrated internet and web functions became the dominate form of television by the later 2010s.
Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high powered radio frequency transmitters to broadcasting the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by Coaxial cabel or optical fiber, satellite systems and since the 2000s via the Internet. Until the early 2000s these were transmitted as analogy signals, but a transition to digital television is expected to be completed world wide by the late 2010s. A standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television.
The Landscape channel is a British television channel which was set up Nick Austin, Co-founder of the Beggars Banquet record label to showcase the classical and instrumental music genres. The channel began airing as on overnight programming block on Sky channel in 1988 and run until 1989. In 1990 Landscape provided channel 4 with 200 hours of morning programming as The Art of Landscape. This resulted with Landscape going in to the UK cable market as a dedicated cable channel in 1991 on windsor Television before expanding in to Europe in 1993.
On 1 January 2001, it moved to internet connected severe distribution allowing cable television providers to broadcast from local Landscape servers refreshed via the internet, rather than via traditional more expensive satellite distribution. Due to a lack of funding the channel's management was reconstructed between 2003 and 2007 although it continued to broadcast on the Dutch CA westland service.
The channel returned to Sky as a programming block on friendly TV on 2p October 2003 and the Information TV range of channels in August 2010. The channel features pictures and videos of landscapes with classical background music.
As of June 21 2020 both the Landscape Tv.com and Landscape HD.com domains are now vp for sale through Heart Internet. It is unsure is the channel has fully closed down.
Landmark is a Candian current affairs television services which aired on CBc Television in 1970.
MAPR/19/B1/13
Origin of the television
Origin of the Television ,landscape , landmarks and future direction
We live in a society that is changing day by day, evolving day by day . It is a common fact that the technology of that society is developing day by day. Now the whole world has become a universal village as a result of technology .All information and facilities are now limited to the fingertips .In this journey of technology ,television is one of the turning point in the media .The television is one of the most popular device of the 20th century .It has become a one of the most common way people view the large world beyond them,as well as begin on of the best ways for people to escape from the world.
Two important people whose name are associated with the invention of television are Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth .In the 1880s a German inventor created simplistic moving images using a filtered light viewed through a spinning disk, laying the foundations for the modern television .During the 1920s a number of scientist began experimenting with sending still image using radio waves.However ,it was in 1928 that general electric first combined the idea of a device that could show moving images with the technology to wirelessly broadcast them.
During the 30s and 40s the technology was gradually improved upon. In America the first regular broadcast began in 1939 thought it was not until after the second world war that the television as a standard home appliances began to really take off. After 1945 television sales in America skyrocketed .The first colour broadcast was made in 1954. Throughout the rest of the world ,television came year later ,and it wasn't until the late 1960s that a television was commonplace in house throughout the west .By the 1970s, Television had become the dominant media force it is today with 24 hour programming mass advertising and syndicated show.
In the 1980s satellite television shrunk the world, making live feeds from other countries and time zones possible .The new millennium brought the advent of digital television ,which is the future of television .We talked about origin of the television Now let see at the history of the television in sri lanka and how it spread .
Businessman Anil wijewardena and Shan wikremasinghe established the country 's first TV station independent television network which started broadcasting on 15th April 1979.The new station remained independent for less than two months as the government took control of it on 5 june 1979 following a dispute with president J.R.Jayawardene. Sri lanka's second state-owned TV started broadcasting on 15th February 1982.
The government maintained a momonopoly on television broadcasting until 1992 when private TV station were allowed to broadcast but they were to be regulated by the SLRC .Maharaja television a joint venture between capital maharaja and singapore telecommunications limited was one of the first private TV stations. Since then many new Tv stations have started in sri lanka.There are also number of satellite networks and pay per view television networks in sri lanka .The national telecommunications provider sri lanka telecom also launched and IPTV service in 2008.There are a large number of television station in sri lanka today. This is an excerpt from the internet .
The above is the current television station in sri lanka.All information on ownership ,owner ,language , established, terrestrial etc.can be obtained . A set of standrds was used to control how information was transmitted to television and all of this .It was NTSC . This was the first set of standards used.Later PAL and SECAM were introduced .However ,the type of TV System used in sri lanka PAL or PAL B.
So, Now let see Future of television .television will be unimaginably advanced in the future .television has already become a smart television .In the future ,we can expect an industrial growth with unprecedented digital world and innovation .Wearable deviand and technology ,smart TVs, connected consumer travel will be more visible in 2026 due to the proliferation of cars and home appliances ,beacon and other technologies .
MAPT/ 19 /B1/28
W.A .S .P.Rathnasiri
Evolution of Radio
RADIO
At its most basic level, radio is communication through the use of radio waves. This includes radio used for person-to-person communication as well as radio used for mass communication. Both of these functions are still practiced today. Although most people associate the term radio with radio stations that broadcast to the general public, radio wave technology is used in everything from television to cell phones, making it a primary conduit for person-to-person communication.
The Invention of Radio
Guglielmo Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio. As a young man living in Italy, Marconi read a biography of Hienrich Hertz, who had written and experimented with early forms of wireless transmission. Marconi then duplicated Hertz’s experiments in his own home, successfully sending transmissions from one side of his attic to the other (PBS). He saw the potential for the technology and approached the Italian government for support. When the government showed no interest in his ideas, Marconi moved to England and took out a patent on his device. Rather than inventing radio from scratch, however, Marconi essentially combined the ideas and experiments of other people to make them into a useful communications tool (Coe, 1996).
In fact, long-distance electronic communication has existed since the middle of the 19th century. The telegraph communicated messages through a series of long and short clicks. Cables across the Atlantic Ocean connected even the far-distant United States and England using this technology. By the 1870s, telegraph technology had been used to develop the telephone, which could transmit an individual’s voice over the same cables used by its predecessor.
When Marconi popularized wireless technology, contemporaries initially viewed it as a way to allow the telegraph to function in places that could not be connected by cables. Early radios acted as devices for naval ships to communicate with other ships and with land stations; the focus was on person-to-person communication. However, the potential for broadcasting—sending messages to a large group of potential listeners—wasn’t realized until later in the development of the medium.
Broadcasting Arrives
The technology needed to build a radio transmitter and receiver was relatively simple, and the knowledge to build such devices soon reached the public. Amateur radio operators quickly crowded the airwaves, broadcasting messages to anyone within range and, by 1912, incurred government regulatory measures that korequired licenses and limited broadcast ranges for radio operation (White). This regulation also gave the president the power to shut down all stations, a power notably exercised in 1917 upon the United States’ entry into World War I to keep amateur radio operators from interfering with military use of radio waves for the duration of the war (White).
Wireless technology made radio as it is known today possible, but its modern, practical function as a mass communication medium had been the domain of other technologies for some time. As early as the 1880s, people relied on telephones to transmit news, music, church sermons, and weather reports. In Budapest, Hungary, for example, a subscription service allowed individuals to listen to news reports and fictional stories on their telephones (White). Around this time, telephones also transmitted opera performances from Paris to London. In 1909, this innovation emerged in the United States as a pay-per-play phonograph service in Wilmington, Delaware (White). This service allowed subscribers to listen to specific music recordings on their telephones (White).
In 1906, Massachusetts resident Reginald Fessenden initiated the first radio transmission of the human voice, but his efforts did not develop into a useful application (Grant, 1907). Ten years later, Lee de Forest used radio in a more modern sense when he set up an experimental radio station, 2XG, in New York City. De Forest gave nightly broadcasts of music and news until World War I halted all transmissions for private citizens (White).
Radio’s Commercial Potential
After the World War I radio ban lifted with the close of the conflict in 1919, a number of small stations began operating using technologies that had developed during the war. Many of these stations developed regular programming that included religious sermons, sports, and news (White). As early as 1922, Schenectady, New York’s WGY broadcast over 40 original dramas, showing radio’s potential as a medium for drama. The WGY players created their own scripts and performed them live on air. This same groundbreaking group also made the first known attempt at television drama in 1928 (McLeod, 1998).
Businesses such as department stores, which often had their own stations, first put radio’s commercial applications to use. However, these stations did not advertise in a way that the modern radio listener would recognize. Early radio advertisements consisted only of a “genteel sales message broadcast during ‘business’ (daytime) hours, with no hard sell or mention of price .” In fact, radio advertising was originally considered an unprecedented invasion of privacy, because—unlike newspapers, which were bought at a newsstand—radios were present in the home and spoke with a voice in the presence of the whole family . However, the social impact of radio was such that within a few years advertising was readily accepted on radio programs. Advertising agencies even began producing their own radio programs named after their products. At first, ads ran only during the day, but as economic pressure mounted during the Great Depression in the 1930s, local stations began looking for new sources of revenue, and advertising became a normal part of the radio soundscape .
The Rise of Radio Networks
Not long after radio’s broadcast debut, large businesses saw its potential profitability and formed networks. In 1926, RCA started the National Broadcasting Network (NBC). Groups of stations that carried syndicated network programs along with a variety of local shows soon formed its Red and Blue networks. Two years after the creation of NBC, the United Independent Broadcasters became the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and began competing with the existing Red and Blue networks
Although early network programming focused mainly on music, it soon developed to include other programs. Among these early innovations was the variety show. This format generally featured several different performers introduced by a host who segued between acts. Variety shows included styles as diverse as jazz and early country music. At night, dramas and comedies such as Amos ’n’ Andy, The Lone Ranger, and Fibber McGee and Molly filled the airwaves. News, educational programs, and other types of talk programs also rose to prominence during the 1930s
The Golden Age of Radio
The so-called Golden Age of Radio occurred between 1930 and the mid-1950s. Because many associate the 1930s with the struggles of the Great Depression, it may seem contradictory that such a fruitful cultural occurrence arose during this decade. However, radio lent itself to the era. After the initial purchase of a receiver, radio was free and so provided an inexpensive source of entertainment that replaced other, more costly pastimes, such as going to the movies.
Radio also presented an easily accessible form of media that existed on its own schedule. Unlike reading newspapers or books, tuning in to a favorite program at a certain time became a part of listeners’ daily routine because it effectively forced them to plan their lives around the dial.
Daytime Radio Finds Its Market
During the Great Depression, radio became so successful that another network, the Mutual Broadcasting Network, began in 1934 to compete with NBC’s Red and Blue networks and the CBS network, creating a total of four national networks (Cashman, 1989). As the networks became more adept at generating profits, their broadcast selections began to take on a format that later evolved into modern television programming. Serial dramas and programs that focused on domestic work aired during the day when many women were at home. Advertisers targeted this demographic with commercials for domestic needs such as soap (Museum). Because they were often sponsored by soap companies, daytime serial dramas soon became known as soap operas. Some modern televised soap operas, such as Guiding Light, which ended in 2009, actually began in the 1930s as radio serials (Hilmes, 1999).
The Rise of Public Radio
After the Golden Age of Radio came to an end, most listeners tuned in to radio stations to hear music. The variety shows and talk-based programs that had sustained radio in early years could no longer draw enough listeners to make them a successful business proposition. One divergent path from this general trend, however, was the growth of public radio.
Groups such as the Ford Foundation had funded public media sources during the early 1960s. When the foundation decided to withdraw its funding in the middle of the decade, the federal government stepped in with the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This act created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and charged it with generating funding for public television and radio outlets. The CPB in turn created National Public Radio (NPR) in 1970 to provide programming for already-operating stations. Until 1982, in fact, the CPB entirely and exclusively funded NPR. Public radio’s first program was All Things Considered, an evening news program that focused on analysis and interpretive reporting rather than cutting-edge coverage. In the mid-1970s, NPR attracted Washington-based journalists such as Cokie Roberts and Linda Wertheimer to its ranks, giving the coverage a more professional, hard-reporting edge (Schardt, 1996).
However, in 1983, public radio was pushed to the brink of financial collapse. NPR survived in part by relying more on its member stations to hold fundraising drives, now a vital component of public radio’s business model. In 2003, Joan Kroc, the widow of McDonald’s CEO and philanthropist Ray Kroc, bequeathed a grant of over $200 million to NPR that may keep it afloat for many years to come.
MAPT/19/B1/27
BIMSARA PERERA
Radio services in Sri Lanka
Radio service of sri lanka begin "Lanka Guwanviduli sevaya" or "Radio ceylon".the history of radio ceylon dates back to 1925. From the past in sri lanka to the present radio service of sri lanka is going thorough a very golden age .today radio channels are widely availble in sri lanka.even if the private channels follow their own agenda. but it seens to us that government channels are following a government agenda according to the government.
“Radio Service” being organised as a separate department of the government of Ceylon in 1949. Subsequently, in 1967, the Department of Broadcasting was transformed into its present statutory form of a state corporation by the Ceylon broadcasting corporation Act. No 37 of 1966 of the parliament of Ceylon,thereby assuring increased autonomy and flexibility in the operations of the new organization. The organization acquired its present name, Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, with the transition of the state into the status of Republic of Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972. SLBC has since continued in the same legal status as a state corporation, and is currently listed under the scope of the ministry of Information and Media of the Government of Sri Lanka.
In addition to the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, there are community radio units in Sri Lanka.
I).Dabana community Radio
II).Jaffna community Radio
III).Kandurata community Radio
Iv).Rajarata sevaya
V).Ruhunu Sevaya
VI).Uva community Radio
VII).Wayamba handa
VIII).Mahaweli community radio
Ix).Girandurukotte community radio
Community radio provided information to the community through a grant-in-aid out of the mainstream. It provides daily events / news to the people in the respective areas. We can see that this is a very important methodology.
In addition, private channels also do a great service in the country. Provides instant news / emergency information to the public faster than government agencies. During the war, as well as during the corona epidemic, the news was very fast-paced, but these agencies also spread misinformation.
As these private channels
Siyatha Fm
Ran Fm
Ran one fm
Sirasa fm
Fm derana
Shri Fm
V fm
Neth fm
Y fm
Hiru fm
And more..
Almost all of these private channels are located in Colombo.
Hiru fm- 96.3 colombo
Shree fm-100.2 colombo
Neth fm -94.8 colombo
Ran one fm-100.5 colombo
Y fm - 92.6 colombo
Radio service in Sri Lanka has come a long way since ancient times. After the inception of Ceylon Radio, other community radio services were launched. Since then, private channels have become more prevalent
mapt/19/b1/16
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